Sir Aurobindo's view on Ancient India & Modern Indian

BHUMI N. VAJANI

ROLL NO :  06

YEAR :2012-2013

Paper no :Indian Writing in English

M.A.I

SEM – I

TOPIC: Sri Aurobindo's View on Ancient India and Modern India

SUBMIT TO : 

Dr. Dilip Barad

Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

Bhavnagar University

               Sri Aurobindo's Views on ancient and modern India   :

Ê   Aurobindo is one of the great philosophers of India. India wants' forget the remarkable contribution of the formation of India. The writers like Tagore, Sharatchandra, Bankimchandra, sri Aurobindo etc. Bengal has given great leaders like Subhash Chandra Bose.  

Ê   "God is a great and cruel torturer because he loves"

Says Arobindo in an aphorism.

Ê   "Each plate all climbed is but a stage on the way and reveals endless heights beyond it"

This sentence is a warning of an experienced wayfarer regarding the dangers and perils of the way to the Gove-Province.

Ê   Sri Aurobindo was born in Calcutta on 15th August 1872. At the age of seven he was taken to the England for education. In 1890 he went up to king's college, Cambridge. He stood 1st in the class in his college, further he passed the final examination for the Indian civil services. Here, it shoud be noted that very few Indians passed this examination. Once any Indian. Passes this exam. He would get higher post in the government and would get a good payment. This was impossible for Britiser to tolerate. This system was implemented at all places wherever Britisher ruled – even French followed the same policy in its colony-vietnam. On the name of civilizing they emptied that country.

Ê   After passing this ICS exam. Sri Aurobindo returned to India. He come to Barod. He worked for the next thirteen years in the princely state of Baroda in the service of the Maharaja and as a professor in Baroda college, shouldn't we be prouch of having such a person serving in Gujarat and of course a king life Maharaja – a modernist – a thinker and a person of revolutionary ideas. During the period of his service he joined a revolutionary society and took a leading role in secret preparations for an uprising against the Britiser Government in India.

Ê   After the partition of Bengal in 1905, Sri Aurobindo left his post in Baroda and went to Kolkata. There he soon become one of the leaders of the Nationalist movement. During these years of early nineties many revolutionaries gathered and stood unitedly against the British rule all over India. The literature of these days also show the stretch marks of the revolutionary activities. He was the first political leader in India to openly put forward in his journal "Bande Mataram", the ideal of complete independence for the country. Prosecuted twice for sedition and once for conspiracy, he was released each time for lack of evidence. While he was in Baroda since 1905 he started practicing Yoga. In 1910 he withdrew for politics and went to several fundamental spiritual realizations. He went to Pondicherry in order to devote himself entirely to his inner spiritual life and work. During fouty years life in Pondicherry he evolved a new method of spiritual practice ealled "Internal Yoga", In 1926, he founded the Sri Aurobindo Asharam. Aurobindo left this word on 5 december 1950.

Ê   In his essay written in 1918 entitled "The Renaissance in India", Sri Aurobindo presents a fabulous view of India's culture through the ages. He talks widely about India's essential spirit and characteristics soul, her unique genius and powers which depects her notably long periods of greatness and an unusually profilic creativity that which allowed her to survive for so long when other ancient civilizations faded away. He explains the bases of Indians strengter – that enabled her to resist so many attempts at crushing her to resist so many attempts at crushing her ancient traditional culture.

Ê   According to Aurobindo "Spirtuality" is the master key of the Indian mind. The sense of infinity is native to it." Here, Sri Aurobindo is seen in defense of Indian civilization and culture with essays of Indian spirituality, religion, art, literature and polity.

Ê   In Aurobindo's view India is one of the greatest of the world's civilizations. He thinks so because India has higher spiritual aim and the effective manner in which it has impressed this aim on the forms and rhythms of its life. Aurobindo believes that – A spiritual aspiration was governing force to this culture. He writes its care of thought, its ruling passion. Not only did it make spirituality the highest aim of life, but it even tried to turn the whole of life towards spirituality. Aurobindo opposed the materialistic western world's modern culture. He defends Indian ancient culture. He is against westernization.

Ê   "Renaissance in India" consists of four essays were first published in "Arya" from August to November 1918. In Renaissance of India the first essay in quite long. It's the longest of all four essays. Sri Aurobindo discusses the aptness or lack there of the term "Renaissance" for what happened in India. He defends Indian ancient culture agains English criticism. He refutes some common European misconceptions on the nature of Indian civilization. Bearing so many blows of foreign invasion Indian culture could stand while history witnesses many cultures destruction. He refutes some westernized Indians on this matters, too.

Ê   He makes his concept clear doing so he outlines three features of ancient India society. He says that spirituality is indeed the masterkey of the Indian mind", His ancient India is marked by

Ê   "her stupendous vitality, her inexhaustible power of life and joy of life".

Ê   her almost unimaginably prolific creativeness" and, finally.

Ê   That the "third power of the ancient Indian spirit was a strong intellectuality".

Ê   He then outlines "there movements of retrogression" : first, a

Ê   "Shrinking of that superabundant vital energy and a fading of the joy of life and the joy of creation",

Ê   Secondly, "a rapid cessation of the old free intellectual activity," and, finally.

Ê   The dimination of the power of Indian spirituality.

Ê   In his second essay, he rephrases 'impulses' that arise from the

Ê   'impact of European life and culture'. According to him the western impact and education reawakened.

Ê   'a free activity of the intellect'.

Ê   'It threw definitely into ferment of modern ideas into the old culture".

Ê   "It made us turn our look upon all that our past contains witer new eyes."

Ê   These are the effects of 'the dormant intellectual and critical impulse', the rehabilitation of life and an awakened 'desire for new creation' and a revival of the Indian spirit by the turning of the national mint to its past. It is this 'awakening vision and impulse' that Sri Aurobindo feels in the Indian renaissance.

India's past or ancient culture was very rich. India had democracy before 2500 years. People used to choose the chief for a particular time period. Then there was election. If the chief was shillful and efficient he continued for the second time as the chief of the people otherwise he would loose in the election. This system of rule was called Genarajja male and female were partners in real sense. Then came invaders and then foreign rule. British French, potuguese etc started coming to India for the raw material for their industries. The 'Dark Age' got over there. New enthusiasm overwhelmed the people of European continent First they started doing increased. Indian kings started becoming weaker. They were lost in wine, women and wars. Jealousy and luxuries overruled them. It wan't that all kings were weak of course we had many powerful and efficient rulers too. But British took the advantage and followed divide and rule policy. One by one they started different provinces of our country. It started different provinces of our country. It seemed as if the European Dark Age in every was come to our country. People started losing jobs and trades. The famine and British ruled the country. There was no escape for ordinary people.

British introduced English Education in India. Indian started going abroad for studies. Intellectuals took interest in the country's political matters. The got involved in the smallest matter. Newspaper and periodicals started awaking the thinker Indians started reading and thinking Swami Vivekanand, Swami Dyanand, Raja Rao, Gandhiji, Subhashchandra, Sardar Patel and Many thinkers and writer implored the minds of the people. Indians felt inferior to British and thus were eager to follow their life style. They tried to be like them forgetting their of all the prevailin cultures. From this Aurobindo wanted them to come out and he discusses ancient and modern Indian culture. Modern India is the shawdow of British rule and ancient India. Both can be compared and thus rebirth of the country is possible.

For Sri Aurobindo the first step was the reception of the European contact, a redical reconsideration of many of the prominent elements and some revohtionary denial of the very principles of the old culture. The second was a reaction of the Indian spirit upon the European influence, sometimes with a total denial of what it affered and a stressing both of the essential and the strict letter of the national part. Which yet masked a movement of assimilation. The third only noa beginning or recently begun is rather a process of new creation in which the spiritual power of the Indian mind remains supreme, recovers its truth, accepts whatever it find sound or true, accepts whatever it find sound or true, useful or inevitable of the modern idea and form but so absorbs and transforms it entirely into itself that its foreign character disappears and it becomes another harmonious element in the characteristic working of the ancient goddess, the shakti of India mastering and taking possession of the modern influence, no longer possessed or overcome by it.

Sri Aurobindo predicts that if the last were to happen,

"The result will be no more Asiatic modification of western modernization, but same great, new and original things of the first importance to the further of human civilization. Sri Aurobindo says that the rise of India is necessary for future of humanity itself. The most difficult task for the Indian renaissance has been the new creation that will come from a unique fusion of ancient Indian spirituality and modernity.

He explaining the Indian spirituality "we are sometime asked what on earth we mean by spirituality rejects no new light, no added means or materials of our human self-development. It means simply to keep our centre, our essential way of being, our inborn nature and assimilate to it all we receive and evolue out of it all we do and create.

To achieve India's "renaissance" Sri Aurobindo boldy and repeatedly' called on his countrymen to develop the kshatriya spirit, almost lost after centuries of subjection'.

The Kshatriya of old must again take his rightful position in our social politly to discharge the first and foremost duty of defending its interests. The brain is impotent without the right aim of strength".

"What India needs especially at this moment is the aggressive virtues, the spirit of soaring idealism, bold creation, fearless resistance, courageous attack, of the passive 'tamasic' spirit of inertia we have already too much. We need to cultivate another training and temperament, another habit of mind."

               For youngsters he hopes :

          "Our call is to young India. It is the young who must be the builders of the new world-not those who accepts the competitive individualism, the capitalism or the materealistic communism of the west as India's future ideal, not those who are enslaved to old religious formaulas and cannot believe in the acceptance and transformation of life by the spirit, but all who are free in mind and heart to accept a complete truth  and labour for a greater ideal."

         

Aristotle's Epic and Tragedy paper 3

NAME                :      BHUMI N. VAJANI

ROLL NO.         :      06

SUB                  :       Literary Theory and Criticism:              

M.A.                   :      SEM – I

TOPIC               :      Aristotle's Epic and Tragedy

SUBMIT TO      :      Department of English

                                  Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji                               Bhavnagar University

YEAR                :      2012-2013

Aristotle’s Comparison of Epic and Tragedy:-

                Introduction

             Aristotle was born at Stagira in chat dice in 384 BC. He taught Alexander for about three years. He found a school called Lyceum. He devoted his life on teaching and lecturing to scholars on a variety of subjects. He treated his last breather in 322 BC.

                Aristotle an Epic and Tragedy :-

            According to Aristotle, epic and tragedy have the same forms. Epic can be full of complexity. Epic of recognition can emphasize character or suffering. Because epic is in the other manner of imitation. Epic lack one form found in the tragedy- the tragedy of spectacle. Although thought and diction don not produce forms of tragedy or epic, both are important to epic as they are tragedy. Aristotle gives the example of one of the greatest poet of Greek Epic, Homer. He has cited the prime example of Epic artistry. If we talk about Iliad, we find Iliad to be simple and full of suffering. The plot of Iliad is very simple and doesn’t needs much explanation. Its argument is 'The wrater of Achilles'. Having bed aroused by the death of his friend Patroclus, Achilles sets out consciously to ruin hector. He succeeds in destroying hector by the end of the poem. Although some of the episodes are just added for the variation, which are 'Outside the Plot'. Aristotle describes Iliad as an 'Epic' of suffering. From the starting point, the emphasis is on the 'tragic deed' that is the end of the plot- the murdering of hector- and this deed is a episode of suffering. 'The Odyssey', on the other hand, is an epic of recognition and of character. But it can be said that odyssey is not both these forms simultaneously, one can see that the plot of odyssey is complex one. It evolved several recognition of Ulysses by telemachuns, the neat herd, the nurse, and eventually the suitors. In this sense there is , as Aristotle remarks, "Recognition Throughout the parts of odyssey emphasizing character, however, are 'outside the plot! The most important such 'part' is tale of is wanderings. This tale has an episode plot that is simple in form and furthermore in its movement the type of plot that Aristotle seems to have in mind for the 'tragedy of character'". Having classified that Homer outstrips all other in diction and thought.

                Difference Between Epic and Tragedy :-

         The first and foremost difference between epic and tragedy arise from means and manner s of imitation. Epic uses ' Words alone' and a single meter throughout one, the other hand tragedy and harmony and employs a variety of meters in the choral sections. Again if we see, we can know that epic also uses the 'mixed' narrative manner of Homer, whereas tragedy uses the 'Dramatic' manner.

            Another difference is more related to the size and contents of epic and tragedy. Though both imitation the same object is noble action. It is fact that they do so using different means and manners affect the way in ethic they present their material. Tragedy is intended for stage presentation is manner and has parts which cannot be found in epic i.e. means.

             Aristotle's comment on the length of tragedy gave rise during the neo-classic period to the doctrine of unity of time. According to this doctrine, which became literally a critical dogma in seventeenth century France and in the restoration England, when Aristotle asserts that 'tragedy attempts, as far as possible, to remain, within one circuit of sun here, he refers to the time covered by the dramatic action of the play. This interpretation accords with the rationalist bias of neo-classic critics. Spectators, they argued would not believe in the reality of an action that compressed several days or, in the case of Shakespearean plays for several years into a three hour drama. One has to agree that if the spectators did not believe in the reality of an action, he tragedy would not have its proper effect. This same idea was carried to absurd extremes. In England Shakespeare and his other Elizabethan contemporaries.

                  On the other side the twentieter century critic has rejected the idea that Aristotle formally advocated unit of time in his work 'Poetics'. In this matter, we would better probe into the Greek tragedies. Greek tragedies confine their action to a 'Single circuit of the sun' in this sense. The 'Agamemnon' and 'Eumenddes' are well-known examples of plays that cover several days. In the second place, neo-classic verisimilitude is a demonstrably false doctrine and one that is not consistent with Aristotle’s explicit rejection of the theory that poetic imitation is an imitation or copying of history.

                  The above concept can be seen with Aristotle’s view-he lived before hundreds of years. In those days, he became and even today he is known as father of criticism. He might have written the criticism as the need of his society and demand of his time. Even Greek tragedies or epics not follow him perfectly.

                  Else, says that both manner and means affect the ways the epic and tragedy present action. The most obvious influence is manner. Here, our great Sanskrit plays can be kept in mind while considering the Greek. The epic is recited in the mixed manner where as tragedy is presented by many agents i.e. performed on stage. If we consider Ramayana and Mahabharata they have no time range. They cover generations. In practice, dramas especially Greek dramas were much shorter taking an average of perhaps two hours. Epic on the other hand, has no theoretical limit. In this respect the epic is line novel. Spenser's 'Faerie Queen' ,'Iliad','Mahabharata','Ramayana' cannot be completed in one sitting while plays can be watched in one sitting or they can be read in one sitting.

                 Aristotle observes that at first the poets proceeded in tragedy in the same way as they did in epic. Aristotle does not mention any writers before Aeschylus. He felt that Aeschylus led the way in incorporating Homeric techniques into tragedy. The only unified trilogy that has survived is the oresteia of Aeschylus. It is probably important as it continuous the Iliad by telling of the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra, the slaying of Clytemnestra, the spying of Clytemnestra by her son orates and the cleansing of orates by the Athenian tribunal. The orosteia is Homeric in size and content. As tragic poets assimilated the Homeric influence more fully, the trilogy lost popularity.

                    The last contrast between the epic and the tragedy is that there are six 'Parts' or constituent elements in tragedy. Three derived from object of imitation, two from means and one from manner Epic has only four 'parts'. Tragedy uses song also. Tragedy reader can judge all the parts but for an epic reader it’s just impossible to judge all the essential parts of an epic. So he considers tragedy before an epic inspire of the fact that epic preceded tragedy in history. Tragedy includes epic. Most of the important concepts related to epic can be brought up on connection with tragedy. Epic is Longer but may give less benefit as Aristotle says.

                Aristotle’s Preference for Tragedy :-

                    After considering various differences between epic and tragedy question arises of superiority. It 'Epic' better or 'Tragedy'. Aristotle favored. In 'Poetics' he discussed this question at length. he see it his own words,' If the more refined art is higher and the more refined in every case is that which appeals to the better sort of audiences. The art which imitates anything and everything is manifestly most unrefined. Tragic art stands to epic in the same relation as the younger to the older actors. So we are told the epic poetry is addressed to a cultivated audience, who do not need gesture; tragedy to an inferior public, being then unrefined, it is evidently lower of the two. Tragedy like epic poetry produced its effect even without Acton; it releveals its power by me reading. Then in all other respects tragedy is superior if this fault is not inherent in it.

                 According to Aristotle tragedy is superior to epic because besides having all the elements of epic, it also has same additional elements. Tragedy has better unit whole where as many incidences are scattered in epic. There are many stories in stories in epic. Tragedy ends more perfectly then epic and so it is better than epic. Tragedy keeps your concentration as its of less hours while epic gives freedom to your imagination to render while reading.

               Probability and Necessity  :

          The poet brings out the probable and necessary link up of various events both in the development of plot and also in the internal working of the character. Butcher brightly emphasis that the rule of probability and necessity refers to the cohesion of the parts. Tragic heroes like Othello, Hamlet, Antigen process a grandeur a magnificent of though will and action which is much above the level of the average humanity. Indian actions they are true to their nature, their actions are probable and necessary outcome of their respective character and after their environment in which they are placed. Aristotle examines in detail the Plato’s charge that poetry is all lies. He faces the fundamental objection that poetry present not facts but fiction. It criticizes as an untruth and unreal. Aristotle's reply is that poetry is not reality but a higher reality. Poetry transcend facts and the idea of reality is in the poets mind. It gives us the ideal reality in the poets mind.

               Aristotle points out the sources of tragic pleasure   :

Ø   Pleasure is derived from air, natural sense of harmony and rhythm.

Ø   It is also derived from the instinct of imitation. A successful tragedy gives pleasure because it satisfies our basic instinct of imitation.

Ø   Poetry is imitation of an imitation of something which we are not familiar increases our knowledge and gives us pleasure.

Ø   The pleasure of tragedy is caused by the purgation.

Ø   Tragedy imitates action and life, its pain and misery. There is emotional identification of the spectator with the person or persons who suffer on the stage. Perpetuity and Anagnorsis helped to create and heighten interest as well as emotions. All are sense, emotions and thoughts are involved. In this way we smile through our tears.

Ø   Tragedy gives aesthetic pleasure because it increases our understanding of life and its problems. The spectator gets a kind of inner illumination.

Ø   The unity of the plot diction. Spectator etc. also contributes to the sources of the pleasure in tragedy.

Ø   These are the main features of Aristotle's theory of tragedy, it must be remembered that Aristotle was writing his theory based on green drama. It is not meant for universal application. He does provide a foundation for all discussion about tragedy and his contribution is valuable.

               Conclusion   :

Ø   Aristotle solved most of the problems raised by Plato his mentor and also beautifies the beauty of tragedy and epic efficiently. He emphasizes the shaping part of the imagination. Which empowers the poet to go beyond philosophy and history?

         

Important scenes in 'Hamlet' paper 1

Name:- Bhumi . N . Vajani

M.A:-Sem -1

                                                    

Roll No:- 06

Subject:- The Renaissance Literature

Topic:- Important scenes in 'Hamlet'

Year:- 2012-2013

Submitted to:- Department of Englis

                     Maharaja KrishnaKumarSinhji

                     Bhavnagar University.

->Introduction

                                                ->Story Outline

->Scenes :-

                                                        ->Ghost Scene

->The Nunnery Scene

                                                        ->The Play Scene

                        ->The Prayer Scene

-> Hamlet's meeting with Gertrude, where he accidentally kills Polonius

                        ->Bedchamber Scene

->The Graveyard Scene

                                                        ->The Fight Scene

:*: Introduction :-

                                        'Hamlet' is the name as well as the character of the tragic play 'Hamlet'. It’s a famous play by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in sixteenth century. He wrote many poems. He also wrote comedies, tragedies and tragic comedies. Hamlet has caused more discussion than any other character in fiction, dramatic or non-dramatic, H.N.Hudson , " It is easy to invent with possibilities almost any theory respecting, but very hard to make any theory comprehend the whole subject ".

                                                ‘The Tragedy of Hamlet' which marks the beginning of the playwright's great period of composition. Hamlet itself belongs with Othello (1604) , King Lear (1605/6), and Macbeth (1606) as one of the greatest tragedies in world literature. Many writers says that it is his greatest play.  

:*: Story Outline :-

                                           Hamlet is the protagonist o the play. His father died of poisoning by his                  . His uncle became the king of Denmark and also marries Hamlet's mother soon after his father's death. Ghost is seen by the two soldiers. Hamlet is told and the secret behind his father's death is revealed. The ghost tells him to take revenge. Being an intellectual being he wants to find proof before taking revenge. He delays taking the revenge of his father's death. On the other side king suspects his madness and decided to send abroad. He made plans to kill Hamlet but he is saved. Later on Hamlet's beloved dies, before Ophelia dies her father-both died accidentally. Larteus, Ophelia dies, and then Hamlet's mother dies, then dies his uncle and in the end dies Hamlet. The things go wrong because of Hamlet's delay in taking revenge.

:*: Scenes :-

                                        Hamlet has many memorable scenes. some of the fined scenes are the Ghost Scenes, the Nunnery Scene, The Play Scene, The Prayer Scene, The Closet Scene etc. Let's see the scene one by one with their importance as far as the drama is concerned.

~~Ghost Scene :-

                                        Most of the Shakespeare’s tragedies have supernatural elements to create the proper effective. This scene is set up in the beginning. It has the narrow stage platform of Elsinore castle which is on the top of the hill. The ghost of the previous king of Denmark appears at the midnight. During this hour people are asleep but the guards are awake. The guard sees him and tries to stop and response. They decided to inform about these incident to the son of the late king, Hamlet. When Hamlet hears he decides to go to the place and find out the reality. He goes to the place, there he finds his father's ghost whom he talk's but the ghost made sign to go behind him. Hamlet meets his father is ghost and learns the trater.

                             [ Act-1 , Scent-5 ]

->" Haste me to know it, that i with wings as swift As meditation or the thoughts of love may sweep to my revenge"

-Hamlet to the ghost. Hamlet wants to know the details of the crime so he can immediately seek revenge.

->“O most pernicious woman |o villain, villain, smiling damned. Villain |...| one may smile and smile and be a villain | At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark”

->"Something is rather in the state of Denmark"

"No, you will reveal it!”

-Hamlet to Horatio. At first he refuses to tell his best friend, Haratio, What he has discovered. Although he quickly changed his mind, this reveals the beginnings of his paranoid.

->"The spirit that I have seen may be devil....... I'll have grounds more relative than this"

-Hamlet soliloquy. He reveals part of the reason for his hesitancy (Afraid to trust the ghost's words), and resolves to have former evidence of his uncle's guilt before he inflicts punishment.

->"The play's the thing! Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king"

Hamlet decides that the best way to test Claudius guilt is to make him face his own crime in the form of a play, and then watch for his reaction.

                                      This scene is very important as the consequence of the drama is considered. The ghost appears second time also when Hamlet and his mother talks. The ghost reminds Hamlet to take revenge of his death and not to harm his mother.

~~ The Nunnery Scene :-

                                Opens with a meditation on life and death. Ophelia thought that Hamlet has gone made because she stopped meeting him Polonius, her father and the king Claudius decides to test Hamlet with the help of Ophelia. Ophelia is not aware of their real because she is considerate, She wants Hamlet to get well. Ophelia is projected doing prayer when Hamlet enters the place Hamlet is not aware of the presence of Ophelia. When he sees him she greets her saying 'Nymph', in thy orisons be all my sins remembered.

                             [Act 3 , Scene-1 ]

" To be or not tobe, that is the question | whether ' its nobler in the mind to suffer | The slings and arrows of outrageous fartune | or to take arms against a sea of troubles | and by opposing, end them"

Hamlet wonders which is preferable, life or death. At this point he sees life as nothing more than pain and suffering.

" I did love you once "

Hamlet to Ophelia

" Indeed, my hard, you made me belive so"

Ophelia to Hamlet

" You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it ; I loved you not. "

Hamlet to Ophelia

" I was the more deceived "

Ophelia to Hamlet

" If thou wit needs marry, marry a fool; for wise man know well enough what monsters you make of them to a nunnery, go; and quickly too. Farewell ".

Hamlet to ophelia, offering a further critique of women.

                                      The stage arrangement is such that audience could see the king and polonius. Hamlet was not to be told about presence according to the plan. He thought  that ophelia deceived him by participating in the plan  as Hamlet saw both of them. He insulted ophelia brutally in this scene. Ophelia is humiliated and could not understand why she was treated in this way by Hamlet. She felt deterioted. This scence digs valley betwen the two lovers of misunderstanding. A lovely innocent and saintly girl's innocence is sacrificed.

~~ The Play Scene :-

                                Hamlet is a scholor and an intellectual person. He wants to heck hes uncles misdeed. He is eagerly waiting to know whether. Hes uncle feels guilt about killing of his own brother. This side the kingdom wants Hamlet to get well gertrude was anxious for his well-being. The news comes to Hamlet about the arrival of the team who would perform. Hamlet meets them and tells them to perform the play in the way he wants. They argued to give the performance accordingly. Hamlet, Claudius with queen gertrude, Courtiers ophelia, Horotia and others are watch the play. The stage is well-equipped. In the center side Horatio, ophelia. Horatio is to watch the gesture and experession of the king. Hamlet as stage manager, is seen standing in the middle with the pretendence of mad man. Hamlet does mischief with ophelia so that he may dessect claudis changing facial expression. The scene in the play shows the killing of one brother by another. Claudius could not tolerate the scene.

King: " I shall leave you soon, clear my active powers are failing, and you will outlive me in this fair world."

          "Purpose is but the slave to memory...."

          "OF violent birth but poor validity,....."

          " Where joy most revers, grief doter most lament."

                   Claudius gets up and goes out. Behind him queen, polomius and courtiers also left. Hamlet could realize that his uncle is guilty. As far as the revenge tragedy is concerned this play is of great signifiance. Hamlet wanted proof he got it. Yet, he doesn't take revenge. He should have taken.

~~ The Prayer Scene :-

                                Hamlet, the tragic hero of the play goes to kill his uncle to revenge of his father's murder. He held his sword out. When he enters the room he finds his uncle praying god. Though he was determined to revenge he could not act mercilessly. He thought that if he kills him while doing prayer he would directly enter heaven. Previously, He showed the weakness in his charecter of lack of derermination. Once more he exhibits the same.

" Why this is hire and salary, not revenge"

          Hamlet solioquy. He decied that if he kills cladius at prayer, he'll be acting like nothing more than a hired assassin. If claudius goes to heaven, his punishment will be thought and Hamlet's revenge will be incomplete.

" Then trip him that his heels may kick at heaven and that his sould may be damned and black at hell where to he goes"

           Hamlet solioquy. He resolves to wait untel he is certain that claudius will go to hell, by killing him when he's committing a sin.

          In this scene the king is show kneeling down. After his solioquy, and before he rises, Hamlet enters the audience chamber. He sees the king at prayer, draws his sword, soliloquized and return the sword to the scabbard. He missed one more chance to revenge.

          In Javerchand Megahni's books we find many revenge stories but no one can be suck weak as the character of Hamlet. He seems very kind to kill any body. He takes time in thinking and taking actions.

* Hamlet's meeting with Gertrude, where he accidentally kills polonius :-

                        [ Act-3 , Scence 4 ]

" Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended"

Gurtrude to Hamet.

"Mother, you have my father much offended"

 Hamlet to Gurtrude.

Hamlet refuses to allow his mother to lecture him on correct behavior.

"You are the queen,  your husband's brother's wife and would it were not so, you are my mother"- Hamlet.

Gertrude, Shocked by his lack of respect, askes it he has forgotten that he is speaking to his own mother. Hamlet's disgust springs from the religious belief that the marriage of suck close relative as gertrude and claudius is wrong and incestuous.

"A bloody deed-almost as bad, good mother, as Kill a king and marry with his brother"

Hamlet to Gertrude. Hamlet's response to his crime is cold and unemotional. He is so obsessed with the crimes of his uncle and mother, that he feels his own. He has just killed polonius into insignificance. He seems to think that his mother was involved in olot to kill his father Hamlet.

"Thou wretched, rash, intruding fools, farewell ! i took thee for thy better"

Hamlet's major emotion following his murder if polonius is disappointment because he hoped it was cludius  hiding behind the arras. He seems unaffected by the face that he has murdered a innocent man, and suggests that polonius get what he deserved for being a meddlesome fool !

" Have you eyes? you cannot call it love, for all your age , the heyday in the blood is tame, it's humble and waits uplon the judgment, and what judgment would sleep from this to this?"

Hamlet forces his mother to look at two portraits of her lovers- one of his father, one of  claudius. He cannot understand how she could be satisfied with the pathetic replacement she has found.

"Do you see nothing there?"

Hamlet is amazed that gertrude cannot see the ghost. She becomes convinced that he is truly mad.

"For this same lord i do repent; but heaven hater pleased it so To punish me with this, and this with me that i  must eb their scourge and minsied"

Hamlet realized that he will eventually be punished for his crime, but he is also convinced that it is the will of god that he be their instrument of vengeance and punishment. Polonius deceit has been what is right and wrong. he has convinced himself that getting revenge is what god wants him also.

"I esentially am not in madness but mad in craft !"

Hamlet reveals to his mother that his madness is nothing more than an act, but warns her not to reveal his fact to her husband claudius. Hamlet is lack of respect makes us wonder if his remark was genuine.

~~ Bedchamber Scence :- (Closet Scene)

                        In the globe theater of shakespeare's time the bedchamber of queen was arranged in suck a way where males were usually not allowed to go or if they are in the chamber they also usually not shown. Hamlet meets his mother. He rebukes his mother for marriging quickly this scene. He interferes in the personal matters of his mother's life. Poloniys is shown watching them outside the glass chamber. Queen gertrude is sorry for here behaviour. The ghost of dead king appears. He reminds him to take revenge for his death. Hamlet suspects his uncle, claudius listning them behind the curtains. He immediately rushes out opening the door. without looking at the person he kill polonius. this scene shows the craziness and haste of Hamlet. Hamlet thought Polonius to be claudius. After knowing what he has done, he again goes to the chamber of Queen gertrude. They talking for a while. He told gettrude not to reveal that Hamlet  is not mad to the king. Gertrude loved her son, she told the king that Hamlet does this in madness. This scene shows a mother's love for her son. We have scene a mother's sacrifice for her child in many indian legends.

~~ The Graveyard Scene :-

                        This scene is one of the important scenes of the play. It shows the naked reality of life which is death. Hamlet's philosophy is notworthy. This scene deals with two diggers talking about the burial of ophelia. They discuss whether she should be given christian burial or not. One says that she may not be giving is it was not sure whether she died naturally or ended her life intentionally. The other says she was gentle women and should be given the christian burial. At this time one goes to buy liquor and the other keeps digging ophelia's grave. He keeps singing joyful songs of youth while digging. There is black humour in this scene.

                             Where Hamlet muses on the nature of life and death, accidentally comes across ophelia's funeral, and fights with laertes.

                             [Act -5 , Scene- 1]

"Get you to my Lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint on inch thick, to this favour she mush come"

However she paints her fce, a lady will end up looking no more attractive than this skull the irony of this thought liesin his ignorance of the fact that the grave is bring dug for ophelia. He again muses on the pointlessness of our wordly conserns, as none of us can avoid death. He later muses that many great leaders, like Alexander and caesar, also ended up in the grace, just as the king, claudius enters.

"I loved ophelia, Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up the sum"

Hamlet feels that nature and quality of his love was more powerful than Laertes. It is possible that his attack on laertes is motivated by utter shock that ophelia is dead and a combination of guilt and rage. When Leartes implies Hamlet may be partially to blame. He cannot bear the thought that he may have contributed to the death of this women he loved and so lashes out.

Learning of ophelia's death Hamlet could not control himself and mouns his beloved's deatg. Hamlet and laertes starts fight, boter jump in the pit of coffin, both are stopped by the attendents. This scene develops the future events in the play.One can predict the duel between laertes and Hamlet and the vicious king would get benifit. Ophelia's death weakens Hamlet his love for her is revealed here. He gains the sympathy of audience thought scene. Ophelia is mourned by the audience through too. Also audience's hearts are full of pity for her fate as well as her brother.

~~ The Fight Scene :-

                        The graveyard scene swoed the seeds of the fight scene. Claudius wants to clear his way and throw Hamlet out of his way. Laertes; anger was the best weapen for him. The fight was arranged between Laertes and Hamlet. Laertes and claudius decided to kill Hamlet with the help of poisoned weapen. The king, the queen, Horatio and the courtiers gathered to watch this scene. Both of them fight, Laertes is injured. He smashed the poisoned sword into Hamlet's body, by mistake the sword is exchanged, the same poisoned sword is smashed to Laertes. They both forgive each other Laertes dies. Hamlet wins. In Joy and celebrating mood the queen drains poisoned wins which was placed there by claudius for Hamlet as a plan if he dosent die by injury he would die of drinking wine.

                             [Act -5 , Scene-2]

KIng : Our son shall win.

Queen: He's fat, and scant of breath.

Hamlet: Good madam !

King : Gertrude, Do no drink

Queen: I will, my lord ; I pray you, pardon me.

King:[Aside] It is the poison'd cup: it is too late.

Hamlet: I dare not drink yet, madem; by and by

Queen: Came, let me wipe thy face.

Queen before dying reveals the plan. Hamlet could not see his mother's death and kills cludis. This scene brings an end to the lived of important characters. First dies laertes revealing the kings plan to Hamlet. Then dies the Queen. Next Claudius is Killed. the last person to die is Hamlet as the poison is spread in his body.

=> Horatio Says,

->"Good night sweet prince and Flights of angels sing thee to thy rest".

->"Dear hamlet like a soldier to the stage; for he was likely, had he been puton, To have proved most royal".

No more can be said to of Hamlet-the rest is silence.

=>               The important scenes are unforgetable. The make the play and the characters memorable. There is a deep philosophy of life behind these scenes.

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