A comparative study of Television and E-Media in Mass Communication

A Comparative study of Television and E-Media in Mass Communication.

ü Sub:-Mass Communication and Media Studies.

ü Paper:-  15

ü Name: - Vajani Bhumi N.

ü M.A:2   SEM:- 4

ü Roll No:-04 

ü Year: 2013-14

ü Submitted To:-Dr. Dilip Barad.

                             Department Of English;

   Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

   Bhavnagar University.

   Gujarat.

                               

  What is Media?

          Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated media includes every broadcasting and narrow casting medium such as newspaper, magazines, T.V., radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet, media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb as needed.

                          Mass Media:-

               

                                      The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. In the late 20^th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspaper, magazines, recording, radio, movies, television, and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20^th and early 21^st centuries. The question of what forms of media should be classified as mass media more prominent. It is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games in the definition. Print, cinema, recordings, radio, television, internet, and mobile phones are each included in it. Mass media has its own types.

    

   What is Mass communication?

 

                                                      Communication:-

               It is derived from a Latin word ‘communicate’. It means ‘to share’. Thus communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information’s as by speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living beings.

·                                                                                            Mass communication:-

 

Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at a time.  Mass communication differs from the studies of other forms of communication, such as interpersonal communication or organization communication, in which the focus is on single source transmitting information to a large group of receivers. The study of mass communication is mainly concerned with how the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior, attitude, opinion, or emotion of the person or people receiving the information. Mass communication began when humans could transmit messages from a single source to multiple receivers. Mass communication is linked with media influence or media effects and media studies, Mass communication is a branch of social science that falls under the large umbrella of communication studies or communication. The study of mass communication can be associated with the practical applications of journalism, television and radio broadcasting, film, public relations or advertising. The study of mass communication has extended to social media and new media too. This field is continually evolving.

Now, after clearing the concept of media, mass media, communication and mass communication I would like to discuss the various means of the mass media. Some of them are books, newspaper, magazines, radio, cinemas, T.V. and e-media. The subject of my assignment is to compare to T.V. and E-media. Let me write about the T.V.

 

             What is Television ?

  

          The world television comes from the Ancient Greek, where ‘tele’ means ‘far’ and Latin ‘visio’ means ‘sight’. The T.V. is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored without any sound system. The TV has become very common in homes, business, and institutes. The TV has become a vehicle for the advertisement and news. Since 1950, TV is the main medium that moulds the public. The availability of the CDS and DVDS have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material. In recent years ‘internet television’ service is very popular. Round about 78% household of the world have TV sets in the year 2009. 

 

          Development of Television  in India:-

          TV is one of the major mass media of India and is a huge industry and has thousands of programmers in all the states of India. Approximately half of all Indian household own a television. As of 2010, the country has a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 515 channels and about 59 are paid channels. National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the Indian market, Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was owned by the government. The Ramayan and Mahabharat were the first major television series produces around 1980s. TVs viewers increased in large number though there was only one channel. Later on Foreign channels like CNN star TV and domestic channels such as Zee tv and Sun tv started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 1 set in 1962 and one channel, by 1991 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.

 What is E-Media?

                           Electronic media uses either analog or digital signal processing. E-media is nothing but electronic media. Electronic media are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user to access the content. This is in contrast o static media which today are most often created electronically, but do not require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the printed form. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentation, slide presentation. In e-media recordings are not required for living broadcasting and online networking.

   

Disadvantages:-

Electronic media is superficial. E-media’s relentless stimulation of electronic media has inspired studies to determine how it affects learning.

      E-Media:-

          Electronic media is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and innovative solution to everyday domestic and professional demands.

   

               Definition:-

 “Electronic Media is information or data that is created, distributed and access using a form of electronics electromechanical electronic communications”.

 The common equipment we use on a day to day basis to access electronic media is our T.V., radio, computer, cell phones and other devices transporting information to and from us by means of electronic involvement.

“Electronic media is media that uses electronic or electromechanical energy for the audience to access the content, multimedia presentations side.”

          In broad sense if we consider T.V. Radio, www are known as electronic media. They are against print media.

                       Advantage:-

          Electronic media’s chief advantage is its immediacy as autocratic Middle Eastern rulers learned too late during the ‘Arab spring’ of 2010. Reports from satellite networks like Al Jazeera made it impossible for authoritarian regimes in Egypt and Tunisia to silence the truth.

  

                         Development of Internet in India:-

          India has the world’s third largest internet user-base with over 137 million as June-2012. The history of India started with launch of services by VSNL on 15 august 1995. They were able to add about 10,000 internet users within 6 months. From 2005 onwards the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated, but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access which were predominantly wired-line technologies. Internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media. The country has the world’s third largest number of Internet users with over 205 million in October 2013. There were 161 internet services in India as of 31 May 2013. The 2^nd generation internet is the most prevalent in India.

                              Print Media:-

          This media includes newspaper, magazines, pamphlets etc. Print media is a type of media that is distributed in a printed form. Print media would be anything that is printed out on a piece of paper, label or advertisement. Print media refers to forms of media that disseminates printed matter. They are distinguished from the broadcast or electronically transmitted media and include newspaper and magazines. Newspaper is very special reading material. Indian families read newspaper while having breakfast and tea. Newspaper is read for the current updates, ads, and other information as well as interesting literature delineated in it. Magazines are delivered weekly, every fifteen days or monthly. Newspaper and magazines have very wide circulation and have been continuously increasing in numbers.

 

          Television Vs. Internet:-

          Television is audio-visual in nature. This powerful visual nature helps television to create vivid impression in our minds which in turn leads to emotional involvement. The audio visual quality also makes TV images more memorable. The live nature of television allows it to transmit visuals and information almost instantly. Thus it can also be termed as a ‘live’ medium. This capacity of the medium makes it ideal for transmitting live visuals of news and several sports events. If you are watching a football match in television channel, you can almost instantly see the goal hit by your favorite team. On the other hand, you can read about the football match only in the next day’s newspaper. TV allows you to witness events which happen thousands of miles away. All of us know that there are a large number of people who cannot read or write such people may not be able to read a newspaper, but they can watch television. Anyone with television receiver can access the information shown on television. This makes it an ideal medium to transmit messages to large audience. In a country like ours, with a huge illiterate population, this characteristic of television makes it an ideal instrument for transmitting social messages. T.V. also has a very wide output range and reach. It is truly a mass medium. Only if there is any technical problem or power failure we cannot watch TV.

          Internet gives us information on almost all subjects. It has an ability to do research from our home about anything anywhere in the world. It is useful in giving or receiving scholarly articles to one’s children games. Internet gives us messages boards through which people can discuss ideas on any topic. It has an ability to get wide range of opinions. People can final other people with similar internet anywhere in the world. The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in the country. Internet provides us with the facilities of video-conferencing. All type of materials related in innumerable languages in the world is available through the net. One can know everything regarding a place without visiting. Net is available 24 hours if we pay for it. Yet sometimes it is disconnected due to weather or technical problems. Cyber crimes are increasing your account can be hacked and course it is difficult to steal the TV. Palmtops, Laptops can be stolen. All the information on the net is not authentic. There can be fake accounts and fake identities that is dangerous. TV is affordable while all cannot afford computer with net. Apart from this indicated person can learn something by watching TV but internet is a subject that requires literate person to operate its mechanism. It creates virtual circle making friends outside and with unknown thus avoiding nears and dears around a person. Pornographic material is in plenty that can create very ill-effect stage. TV doest shows such programs can be watched very late on TV. Internet also has lots of ‘heaters’ sites. Viruses can be created on internet and your personal computer can be damage and valuable data can be ruined. Money can be transferred from your account and there is a threat of theft. It has been very useful as it has global audience. The fact that internet is operational all time makes it the most efficient business machine to date. Internet can connect global audience, it operates day and night, it’s not very expensive, and one can do business through the world. It can be useful in product advertising, getting all types of information about the product before purchase. You can use the multimedia capability of the World Wide Web to make available not only various product specification sheet but also audio files, images, and even video clips of products in action. It allows all the customers to explore what they want in their own way. The internet distributes catalogues. The updates are done very quickly. Internet allows online surveys whereas TV doesn’t provide such facilities. The survey result is automatically updated. Online announcements can be done as TV gives us live programs. Online chatting and debates are done. TV shows live debates. Basic English knowledge is required for using internet whereas it’s very easily to operate TV. Internet has formatting capacity. Any program which a person is interested can be downloaded and seen latest TV also has the facility of recording that can be done automatically. Face book, Whatapp attract people to passes internet. Also we should remember that there are many regional, national and international channels that play an important role in the popularity of the TV.

            No a day media is the most influential device. People are lead by the truth or false of media. Media can make or mar the society. Media constructs and destructs. Mass media plays very important role in molding the life style of the people. Mass media can make one’s life but excess of TV or internet spoils one’s life. TV has its own role and importance to play while internet has its role to play the judicious use of mass media leads the person to prosperous future. It also helps in building the country’s future.

Analysis of Gabriel Okara's 'Mystic Drum','Once Upon a Time','Were I to choose'.

Analysis of Gabriel Okara’s ‘Mystic Drum’, ‘Once Upon a Time”, ‘Were I to Choose’.

   Sub:-The African Literature       

   Paper:-   14

   Name: -  Vajani Bhumi N.

  M.A:2     SEM:- 4

   Roll No:- 04

  Year: 2013-14

   Submitted To:-Dr. Dilip Barad.

                               Department Of English;

  Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

  Bhavnagar University.

   Gujarat. 

   India.

Gabriel Okara’s ‘Mystic Drum’ , ‘Once Upon a Time”, ‘Were I to Choose’. 

                                                         Introduction about the poet:-

           Cultural conflict is one of the most striking points in African poetry. In African what is culture and tradition that seems uncultured or peculiar to the western. African  poet Gobriel Okara focuses the ice-cold attitude of Europeans to the African culture.In African what is traditional and cultured and humorous to Europeans. They also represent the African culture in humiliated sense. Gabriel Jibaba Okara was born on 24 April in 1921. He is a Nigerian poet and novelist who were born in Bomoundi in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. He was awarded the commonwealth poetry award in 1979.

          His most famous poem is "Piano and Drums". His famous poem is "You laughed & laughed & laughed". It's a frequent feature of anthologies. Okara is worried about the attack of Western culture over the African ancient culture. His poem "Once upon a time" deals with the same theme. Also his novel- 'The Voice ' depicts this theme. Its protagonist Okara, like many post colonial.  Africans is hunted by society and society by his own ideals. Unfortunately many of Okara' s manuscripts have been destroyed in the civil war.

         

                  Gabriel Okara was born in Nigeria when there was a British colony and, indeed, it would be nearly forty years before his country was to gain independence in October 1960.During his life, Okara did jobs like, initially working as a book binder, journalist, radio broadcaster and newspaper editor. He has also travelled to the USA where he helped raise money for Nigeria by giving poetry recitals.

          Okara’s poems tend reflect the problems that African nations face as they are torn between the culture of their European colonists and their traditional African heritage. He also looks at the traumatic effect that colonization and DE-colonization can have on the self and a one's sense of personal identity. For example Okara often depicts characters suffering from 'Culture shock' as they are torn between these two irreconcilable cultures. On the one hand there is Christianity and the definite material benefits such as classroom education and well-paid jobs that the European way of life offers, while on the other hand, there is the unspoken expectation that the 'true' African was allegiance to his original tribal culture and should embrace these 'roots'. This contrast is summed up nicely by another African poet called Mabel segue in the following lines:

                                 

          “Here we stand

               Infants overblown

                         Packed between two civilizations

                                 Finding the balance irksome”.

          As a result of this divide Okara seems to suggest many modern Africans do not know ‘who they are’ or ‘what they should be’. His poem ‘Once Upon a Time’  clearly describes the problems that can arise when the culture of ancient Africa & Modern Europe clash leaving people without a clear sense of how to behave & where to look for guidance.

                 Once Upon a Time

      

                             Okara examines the contrast between the modern culture and his African ancient culture. He wants Africans to be positive for their right future. Okara’s work, like other poets work deals with the theme of Negritude. In addition to recurrent anger at the atrocities of slavery and colonization Negritude worship anything African and use scintillating rhythms or vibrant descriptors to personifying or indeed defying their homeland.

          ‘Once Upon Time’ was written as a conversation of father and son. It is Okara’s style to explain what happens when a traditional African culture meets the forces of the western way of life. I think the poem ridicules the fake personalities of many people and to try and get then to return to a natural and innocent state.

                    If we compose ‘Once Upon a Time’ and ‘Coleridge Jackson’, we find that both the poems show how black people have been treated in western society by racist individuals.

          The poem discusses the conversation between what seems to be a father wants to learn from his son how to go back to normality and no longer be fake. The poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ starts by the father telling his son how the people or they used to laugh with their hearts. I think that the word ‘they’ refers to western people who are while the poems description gives the impression of genuine emotion given off by the people. The poet further says that now they only laugh with their teeth, while their ice-back cold eyes search behind his shadow’. This indicates fake negative and false feelings and it is a very cold description. This affects the tone of the poem that now becomes sinister and bitter. The lines….

  

‘   They used to shake hands with their hearts’

-Shows true and genuine emotion the first stanza presents the reality…

  "Now they only shake hands without hearts

while their left hands search

my empty pockets”.

The above lines again deal with the precedence of the people.

          The stanza three explain more about the changes he has noticed in this false people. But the phases

‘Feel at home’! Come again, but then the poet goes on to say that he will come again ‘Once’, Twice’ but there will ‘Be no more trice’ ‘for then I find doors shut on me’. This shows that the falseness is seen in human being everywhere.

          In stanza four- there is the adaptations and solutions that the man has found to counter the problems. It begins by saving that the man has ’learned many things’, already suggesting that he has changed to fit in.

          The poet explains the things he has learn. He says that he has learn to ‘Wear’ the faces and informs that he wears faces for different situations. For example, he tells us that he has an ‘office face’, ‘Street face’ and ‘Host face’.

                     The stanza five deals with the fake attributes to go along with the fake looks. This poem has many repetitions. The poet says that he has also ‘learned to laugh with only his teeth’ and ‘shakes hand without his heart’. The poet criticizes the western ways that is adopted. The man seems to be the man that is ashamed of himself and is confessing to his son how for the fake attitudes have developed.

               The sixth and seventh stanza shows the regret as he says….

"I want to be what I used to be

                   when I was like you’ I want”.

            Showing that he wants to be honest and truthful again.

             Mystic Drum

                            

                          The Mystic Drum is Okara’s love lyric. The Mystic Drum evinces a tripartite ritual pattern of imitation from innocence through intimacy to experience. By comparison to the way of zone as manifested in the experience of Zen master, Chin Yuan Wei-Asian this pattern resolves itself into an emotional and epistemic logical journey from conventional knowledge through more intimate knowledge to learn of experience empowers the lover to understand that beneath the surface attractiveness of what we know very well may lie an abyss of the unknown and unknowable belching darkness. But experience teaches us at this stage of substantial knowledge not to expose ourselves to the dangers of being beholden to this unknown and unknowable reality by keeping our passions under strict control including the prudent decision to ‘pack’ the ‘Mystic Drum’ of our innocence and evanescence making sure that it does not ‘beat so loud anymore’.

          Okara mentions in one of his interviews that “The Mystic Drum” is essentially a have poem:

          “This was a lady I loved and she coyly was not responding directly but, I adored her. Her demeanor seemed to mask her true feelings; at a distance, she seemed adoring however on coming closer, she was after all, not what she seemed.”

          This lady may stand as an emblem that represents the lure of western life; how it seemed appealing at first but later seemed distasteful to the poet.

The Mystic Drum and Lines:-

      “The mystic drum beat in my inside

          and fishes danced in the rivers

          and men and women danced on land

          to the rhythm of my drum”

  

                        “But standing behind a tree

                             with leaves around her waist

                       she only smiled with a shake of her head.”

          “The drum in African poems generally stands for the spiritual pulse of traditional African life. The poet asserts that first as the drum beat inside him fishes danced in the rivers and man and women danced on the land to the rhythm of the drum. But standing behind the tree there stood an outsider who smiled with an air of indifference at the richness of their culture; however the drum still continued to beat rippling the air with quickened tempo compelling the dead to dance and sing with their shadows. The ancestral glory overpowers other considerations: so powerful is the Mystic drum, that it brings back even the dead alive. The rhythm of the drum is the aching for an ideal Nigerian state of harmony.

          The outsider is used in the poem for western imperialism that was looked down upon anything Eastern, non-western, alien and therefore incomprehensible for their own good as the other.

          The African culture is so much in tune with nature that the Mystic drum invokes the sun, the moon, the river gods and the trees began to dance. The gap finally gets bridged between humanity and nature, the animal world and human world, the hydrosphere and lithosphere that fishes turned men, and men became fishes. But later as the Mystic drum stopped beating, men became men, and fishes became fishes. Life now became dry, logical and mechanical thanks to western scientific imperialism and everything found its place. Leaves started sprouting on the woman she started to flourish on the land. Gradually her roots struck the ground. Spreading a kind of parched rationalism smoke issued from her lips and her lips parted in smile. The term ‘smoke’ is also suggestive of the pollution caused by industrialization and also the clouding of morals ultimately the speaker was left in belching darkness, completely cut off from the heart of his culture and he packed the Mystic drum not to beat loudly anymore. The ‘belching darkness’ alludes to the futility and hollowness the imposed existence. The outside at first only has an objective role standing behind a tree. Eventually, she intrudes and tries to behave their spiritual life. The leaves around her waist are very much suggestive of eve who adorned the same after losing her innocence. Leaves stop growing on the trees but only sprout on her head implying deforestation. The refrain reminds us again and again that this Eve turns out to be the eve of Nigerian damnation.

-Rukhaya M.k.

         

             Were I to Choose

 “When Adam broke the stone

            and red streams reged down to

          gather in the womb,

          an angel calmed the storm”,

“And I, the breath mewed

            in Cain, unbliniking gaze

                at the world without

                             from the brink of an age”.

          Gabriel is immersed in folk tradition and ballad influences of tradition and culture are found in his poem. His poems are regional as well as universal. His poems are sometimes lyrical and full of music.

                The poem ‘Were I to choose’ is reminiscent of yeast poem called “Adam’s Curse.” The poet has tried to compare Adam’s toiling in the soil with the Negros working in the soil. They broke the stone themselves which was their very foundation. The red streams are symbolized for the multilingual diversity that reaches the womb Africa.

          Cain in this poem metaphorically represents the next generation. ‘I’ in Okara’s poems generally refers to the tribe. The poet implies that he is currently imprisoned in the present generation and the crisis of identity of generation. The earlier generations gaze would not go beyond; but he does and to him the world is looked at from the brink.

                 The poem is written in 1950, the period of Nigerian independence, the poet sees his ancestors-their slavery, their groping lips, the breasts molted by heart-rending suffering. The poet’s vision goes outside and backgrounds. The memory is like a thread going through his ears.

          The poet compares Cain with modern man, Cain was a wonderer and if he was caught by anybody, he would be definitely slain. Similar is the condition of the modern uneducated man who does not pass any aim. The poet, at the age of 31, is multilingual and thinks about the medium of his instruction. The tower of Babel symbolizes unity. When the ‘Tower of Babel’ was constructed, God cursed the concerned people. The people wanted to construct a great tower signifying oneness and around it people would stand united. They wanted to speak the same language but God despised the fact. There is no proper foundation or structure remaining. His world has deteriorated to ‘world of bones’.

    "And O of this dark halo

                             were the tired head free.

                      And when the harmattan

                               of days has parched the throat

                                    and skin, and sucked the fever

                                                 of the head away".

  "Then the massive dark

             descends, and flesh and bone are razed.

                   And (O were I to choose) I’d cheat the worms

                       and silence seek in stone”.

                       The poet now wants to free himself from the imprisonment of this dark ‘halo’ who is generally considered as ‘blessed; but seems dark to him. His conflict is not being able to choose from the different languages. He is torn between worlds. The poet likens his predicament with mingling with dust during the month December to February in Nigeria. The throat is dry and he is unable to speak out. He is delirious ass the flames of torture are burning his existence. The colonial period has made the poet an amalgam of European and African cultures, and now he finds himself in a no man’s land. He relishes the idea of resolving the crisis by seeking refuge in the silence of the grave. He then would be cheating the worms because he would enjoy that state of affairs.

                         Conclusion:-

          

                       Gabriel Okara in the above discussed poems discusses the same problem of loss of his ancient heritage due to the invasion of western culture. He considers the invasion as an enemy whom it is not easy to conquer. During to the British imperialism the South African culture, the poet’s ancient heritage was ruined. The poet is worried about his country men who are torn between the two cultures but cannot accept one.