ü Topic:- Novels of Modernism as a
Cultural Movement
ü Sub:- The Modernist Literature
ü Name:- Vajani Bhumi N.
ü M.A-2 Sem-3
ü Roll No:- 04
ü Year:- 2013-14
Submitted To:-Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji,
Bhavnagar Univercity.
Submitted To:-Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji,
Bhavnagar Univercity.
Ø
Novels of
Modernism as a Cultural Movement
"The term modernism refers to the radical
shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and
literature."
"In Anglophone literature," modernism"
more nearly describes an era than a unitary movement."
"Literary modernism or modernist literature
has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and
North America modernism is characterized by a self conscious break with
traditional style of poetry and verse."
The modern period in literature may be considered
to extend from 1920s to the cold war of the 1970s modern period includes the
war years and many literary and cultural movements in Europe. The writers of England
and America were inspired.
"A key cultural artistic, architectural and
literary moment and movement marking the early decades of the twentieth
century, is modernism."
Ø Features of modernism as a culural movement
§
The work possesses high
degree of complexity in structure.
§
It is the tradition of
reworks.
§
Work of there age are
intensely self reflexive, exploring the process of their own composition.
§
The works of literature are
often fragmented and nonlinear breaking up time frames and plots in fiction.
§
Modern work is city based.
§
It is also located in the
context of empire and world wars of advanced military technology.
§
We find a great deal of
experimentation with language and form.
§
We also find a great
interest in subjectivity and the working of the human consciousness.
§
Some critics identify a
sense of apocalypse and disaster in modernism.
§
This literature often
rejects realism and the idea that art has to capture reality.
§
Modernist fiction
'defamiliarizes' or makes strange what is common 'make it new' is the modernist
slogan.
§
Modern literature is highly
elitist because references that called for great erudition which was available
only to certain classes of people.
The term modern canes from Latin word 'modo' means current James Joyce ,T.S.Eliot,
Doolittle, Virginia Woolf, Samule Beckett and American writers like Ezra pound
are some of the exponents of this literature various movement and artistic
theories that influenced 'modernism' are
Ø
---->
Expressionism
§
----> Impressionism
Ø
---->
Imagism
§
----> Cubism
Ø
---->
Surrealism
§
---->
Futurism
Ø
---->
Vorticism
Expressionism
::
·
Expressionism was a movement
in modern art that first came into prominence around German artists. They were
influenced by the works of Vincent van Gogh and Edward munch.
Ø Impressionsim ::
·
The term might be derived
from Claude Monet's painting impression the emphasis was an perceptions of
objects rather than the objects themselves the movement had a limited influence
around the last decades of the 19th century.
Ø Imagism ::
·
Imagism was a movement in
early 20th century Anglo American poetry that favored precision of imagery and
clear, sharp language it has been described as the most influential movement in
English poetry since the activity of the pre Raphaelites.
Ø Cubism ::
·
Cubism is an early 20th
century avant- garde movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso the
term is Groadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris
during 1910 and 1920.
Ø Surrealism ::
·
This movement aims at establishing
a reality beyond the confines of reasoning it can be called a super reality
where the real and unreal meet.
Ø Futurism ::
·
Futurism was an artistic
movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century it emphasized
concept of future including speed, youth, technology, violence etc..
Ø Vorticism ::
·
It was a short lived
modernist movement in British art and poetry of the early 20 century it
rejected landscapes.
Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein and Karl
Marx gave inspiration this time was marked by the division of the religious and
the secular the increasing mechanization of the world the rise of industrial
capitalism.
Ø
Non-Fictional
Novels:-
§
Some notable features of
modern non fiction are :::
§
Criticism acquired a degree
of respectability as never before.
§
Prefaces and forewords in anthologies
were major critical statements.
§
Many established writer’s practiced
journalism.
§
Writings from philosophy,
psychoanalysis and anthropology were influential among literary circles.
§
Polemical writings about race, class, empire and woman also began to appear.
Polemical writings about race, class, empire and woman also began to appear.
Freud explored human mind,
sexuality, childhood and personality with new notion his anatomy and sexuality
were the keys of human personality. Freud's work was sometimes attacked by
feminists and homosexuals. Bloomsbury group had Freudian outlook. The term
'subject' was used to describe the contemporary philosophical and critical
thinking.
According to Freud
identities are always multiple and fractured during this age one thing can be
noted that write in the 20th century suddenly become conscious of their
unconscious as it were the 'stream of consciousness' emphasis on the unknown
territories and uncontrolled association of the mind.
"Taboos and prohibition were seen as repressive mechanisms of a
society that sought to curb natural instincts like sexual desire the Bloomsbury
group, for instance was Freudian in its outlook on sexuality the 'subject' was
never to be the same again"
Fabianism was the movement
that flourished in this period was the version of socialism James G Fraser
influenced many modernists Frasers work gave numerous myths and rituals to the
writers. Jessie L Western and Joseph Campbell were influential. Also the works
of Claude Levi-Strauss provide to be extremely influential.
"Scholars in Cambridge oxford and many euro American universities profuse
detailed terms on the past, many of which made available image for poets and
artists. The pound era's interest in non European cultures and myths image and
poetic forms the Japanese haiku may be partly attributed to the increased
commentaries and anthologies."
Orientalism continued approaching and appropriating the non European
other into European literature and culture. "Orientalism is the process by
which Europe studied disciplined controlled and governed non European culture. European
scholars studied and represented the no European culture in certain ways
through stereotype of the effeminate weak vulnerable and primitive native. It
posits the non European as the backward, pagan 'other' or polar opposite to the
developed." Said's work shows how knowledge about the orient leads to
power over the orient.
Contemporary history writing, biography and commentary also developed
rapidly. Literary personalities became very popular through their autobiographical
accounts. Rudyard Kipling, Robert Graves, Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster and many
other published their memoirs and autobiographies.
A.C. Bralley (1845-1933) was most probably the first major critic of Shakespearean
in the last century. His Shakespearean tragedy (1904) is considered to be one
of the finest analysis of Shakespeare, L.C. knigent (1900-1997) was also a
critic of Shakespeare.
Edmund Gosse (1849-1928) revived dome's interest. Also he introduced Ibsen's
work in England. He was a prolific biographer. as a biographer he wrote about
the lives of Thomas’s Gray, William Cangreve, Jeremy Taylor, Thoma's, A S Swinburne
and John Donne.
Watter Raleigh (1861-1922) was scholar of English literature at oxford.
He wrote about Milton (1900) and Shakespeare (1907) and a critical account of
the English novel.
I.A. Richards was famous for his 'principles of literary criticism
(1924). William Empson wrote "seven types of ambiguity (1930). the new
critics Cleanth brooks, William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsly focused on the
literary texts only. Their approach was formal with properties like rhythm, meter,
theme, imagery and metaphor.
T.S. Eliot was a literary figure. He was social critic and poetry. His
critical essay 'tradition and the individual'. His same of the works revived
our interest in the metaphysics. He wrote essays on Blake, Marvell, Dryden, Milton,
Dante and Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
F.R. Leaws was one of the most important critics. He edited 'scrutiny'
from 1932 to 1953 which is a journal. He believed that current development had
diluted standards and that the cultural heritage of a country depended upon its
elite intellectuals.
Frank kermode wrote distinguished and scholarly
essays. He was a professor of English at Cambridge. he wrote an renaissance Shakespeare
and the romantic writers.
Q D Leavis (1906-1981) is best known for her 1932
work fiction and the reading public.
Raymond Williams attired the course of critical
thinking for generations. His work becomes interment in the formation of a new discipline,
cultural studies.
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) wrote on women
literature and culture she is perhaps the most significant woman writer of the
first half of the 20th century.’ in a room of one's own (1929)' and 'three
guineas(1938). Virginia analyzed the marginalization of the woman writer. Woolf
said that financial and spatial independence were essential to the woman's
creation of artistic work and neither of it was available to woman.
Ø Some notable Features of Fictional Novels
§
In fiction this period witnessed
massive experimentation with form and language.
§
The fiction was influenced
by theories and philosophies of the mind especially Freudianism.
§
The novelists commented on
the art of the novel.
§
The interest was increased
in the workings of the mind resulted in studies of human subjectivity.
§
Politically conscious
fiction and same political allegories were published during this time.
§
Numerous genres ranging from
satires to historical fiction.
§
The historical context of
the various nationalist movements in parts of the British Empire is crucial to
the understanding of several authors.
§
Science fiction and fantasy
emerged as important genres.
The age was the English novel the wide variety of forms the radical
experimentation with language and style and the political agenda of particular
writers all contributed to the novel being perhaps at the expense of poetry and
drama the most dominant form of literary expression in the modern age some of
the exponents of the fiction are:::
-George Orwell is quite famous for his allegories
in 1945 he published 'animal form', an allegory and socialism. He believed that
exploitation is always the key in any social structure his famous slogans----
'All animals are equals'
'War is peace'
'Freedom is slavery'
'Ignorance is strength'
Evelyn Waugh (1903-1966) wrote gentle comedies, full of irony and mild
satire.
James Joyce (1882-1941) used the English language with daring. he
claimed his work would keep professions busy for centuries, and he was right
his books Dubliners (1914), Ulysses (1922) jinnegan wake (1939) were full of
minute details with human psychology.
Virginia Woolf practiced stream of consciousness like Joyce “Mrs.
Dalloway”(1982) “To The Lighthouse”(1927)are landmarks.
Robecca West (1892-1983) was the pseudonym of Fairfield. She supported suffragette
movement.
Radclyffe hall (1883-1943) was the first major homosexual writer of the
modern age.
D H Lawrence (1885-1930) work Lady Chatterley's lover the white peacock
(1911) 'sons and lovers' (1913) has remained favorite Oedipus complex was explored
in his books.
Aldour Huxley (1894-1963) is known for his brave new world (1932) in his
fiction we don't find illness or poverty. Things are planned and controlled.
J.N.
Rowling wrote a fantasy 'the lord of the rings' (1954-1955).
Ø
The Campus Novel
It is also known as 'university novel' David lodge explored the quotation
of research funding and the politics of contemporary literary theory with his
portrait of feminism there novels reflect an ancient in universities about the
fate of humanities the ethics of research and funding and the politics of
appointments.
Anthony Bugess (1917-1993) is popular for 'a clockwork orange'(1962)
'time for a tiger(1956), the enemy in the blanket (1958) and beds in the
east(1959)
William Golding (1911-1993) becomes popular through 'lord of the flies'
(1954) which was his novel that was published after 21 rejections.
Ivy Comten Burnell (1884-1969) wrote family fiction her novel lack a
coherent and recognizable plot and action through the dialogues.
Lawrence Durrell (1912-1990) wrote a major epic in ‘the Alexandria
quartet (1957-1960). His themes are of love sexual intrigues and espionage.
Alan Sillitoe (1928) wrote fiction about low life including crooks, prostitutes
and the unemployed. Violence, lust, extra-marital affairs were common in his
work.
Jean Rhys (1894-1979) wrote the best selling and critically acclaimed
wide Sargasso Sea (1966) as a reworking of the classic Jane Eyre she the symbol
of the marginalized, non European women.
Iri's Murdoch (1919-1999) was philosopher and
thinker. 'The sea, the sea (1978) was perhaps her best novel. Her novels were
based on the reality illusion, myth, gothic elements, and hallucinations.
Ø The Popular Novel
They are also called mass novel. The novels spread across many sub
genres, themes and issues. From Agatha Christi and p g Wodehouse to Isaac Asimov
and Stephen king the popular novel has held sway in the 20th century.
Agatha christen (1870-1876) was one of the most translated authors in
the history of English language she is acknowledged as the 'queen of crime' she
eroded the image of a quiet peaceful English village by creating horrific evil
scenes.
Georgelle Heyer (1902-1914) is best known for her satirical historical
tales of regency England. Her novels often satirize the emphases on appearance
and manners of English culture.
P. G. Wodehouse (1881-1975) is known for his
bunch of assorted English aristocrats. Wodehouse’s portraits of the Hollywood
tycoon or the Wall Street magnate were comedies of manners.
The British
popular novelist lord Jeffrey archer wrote kane and abel (1979). Archer
specialized in the last page twist in his short stories like o Henry.
Joanna trollop (1943) wrote a village affair
(1989) other people's children (1998) and marrying the mistress (2000). Her
fiction relates tense family situation marriages breaking up, sibling rivalry
and love.
§
Novel of
modernism as a cultural
Movement covered almost all the aspects of the modern problems most of
the writers turned back from past. The provided various aspects they tried to
focus on conscious and sub conscious despair and distress are seen in their
work.
Hi Bhumi. Your Assignment is very attractive and full of information. I woul like to suggest that you improve your spelling in 'animal farm'. Thanks.
ReplyDeleteThanks...
DeleteHi Bhumi,
ReplyDeleteyour assignment is very good. You have bullated all main points and colored it, which is very nice. There is also good description of topic. But there is spelling mistake in assignment like 'Animal Form', which is 'Animal Farm', so it is suggested to you to correct the spelling. Putting quotation is good idea but Please put full quotation.
thanks.
Hi..Thank you for suggestion..
Delete